Precision Oncology in India

Precision oncology in India is an advanced approach to cancer care that uses information about a tumour’s genes, proteins, molecular alterations and other biomarkers to help oncologists choose treatments that are more specifically matched to an individual cancer.

Instead of relying only on where a cancer started, precision oncology looks deeper at what is driving that particular tumour biologically. Depending on the cancer, this may involve genomic profiling, next-generation sequencing (NGS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), molecular pathology, liquid biopsy, tumour mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), PD-L1 testing or other biomarker tests.

There is a named GAF Healthcare partner planning sheet for precision oncology: $2,000–$7,000, typically NGS panel + clinic visit. Neighbouring United States comparison figures on the same sheet are $8,000–$25,000. That India band is a pathway planning range for specimen review, a validated assay and specialist interpretation. It is not the price of a matched medicine and it is not a whole-cancer package.

Neighbouring molecular targeted therapy is $10,000–$32,000, typically Oral or infusion by mutation. Neighbouring targeted therapy is $8,000–$30,000. Neighbouring chemotherapy is $1,500–$8,000+. Neighbouring immunotherapy is $15,000–$45,000. Neighbouring hormone therapy is $1,000–$4,500. Neighbouring antibody-drug conjugate therapy is $25,000–$70,000. Neighbouring immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is $18,000–$50,000. Named targeted-therapy lists sit on Targeted Therapy in India.

Disease pathways sit on breast cancer treatment in India, colon cancer treatment in India, ovarian cancer treatment in India, prostate cancer treatment in India, pancreatic cancer treatment in India, bile duct cancer surgery in India, leukemia treatment in India, lymphoma treatment in India and brain tumor surgery in India. Neighbouring matched-medicine lists sit on molecular targeted therapy in India. There is no live GAF lung-cancer-only, gastric-cancer-only or melanoma-only treatment page.

Important: Precision oncology does not mean that every patient needs a large genomic panel or that a genomic test will automatically identify a treatment. Testing should be selected according to the cancer type, stage, previous treatments, available tissue, clinical situation and the likelihood that the result will change management. A quotation should be obtained only after records review.

What is precision oncology?

Precision oncology is a form of personalised cancer medicine in which doctors use information about a patient’s tumour to help make decisions about diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment.

The National Cancer Institute describes precision medicine as an approach that uses information about a person’s genes, proteins, environment and other characteristics to help prevent, diagnose or treat disease. In cancer, the focus often includes molecular information from the tumour itself.

Cancer is not simply one disease. Even two patients diagnosed with the same type and stage of cancer can have tumours with different molecular characteristics. Those differences can influence how the cancer behaves and how it responds to treatment.

Precision oncology therefore adds another layer to conventional cancer assessment:

Cancer type + stage + pathology + patient factors + molecular characteristics → individualised treatment strategy

This does not mean abandoning established treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy. Named endocrine-therapy lists sit on Hormone Therapy in India. Named immunotherapy lists sit on Immunotherapy in India.

Instead, precision oncology can help determine which patients may benefit from a targeted treatment, whether a tumour has a biomarker associated with immunotherapy, whether a particular treatment is unlikely to work, whether additional molecular testing is justified, whether a patient may qualify for a biomarker-driven clinical trial, and whether a cancer has developed a molecular mechanism of treatment resistance.

Precision oncology versus personalised cancer treatment

The terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they can have slightly different meanings.

Personalised cancer care considers the individual patient as a whole. This may include age, overall health, kidney and liver function, previous treatments, performance status, patient preferences, cancer type and stage, pathology and molecular characteristics.

Precision oncology places particular emphasis on the biological and molecular characteristics of the cancer.

For example, two patients with advanced lung cancer may have different actionable alterations. One tumour might contain an EGFR alteration, while another may have an ALK or ROS1 alteration—or none of these. The treatment discussion would therefore not necessarily be identical. There is no live GAF lung-cancer-only treatment page.

How does precision oncology work?

A precision-oncology pathway generally follows several steps.

1. Confirm the cancer diagnosis

Before sophisticated molecular testing is considered, the underlying cancer diagnosis should be established as accurately as possible. This generally involves clinical assessment, imaging, biopsy or surgical specimen, histopathology, immunohistochemistry when required and staging investigations.

Molecular testing should complement, rather than replace, appropriate pathological diagnosis.

2. Determine whether biomarker testing is relevant

Not every patient requires the same molecular tests.

The oncologist considers cancer type, stage, histological subtype, previous treatment, recurrence or progression, available treatment options, relevant guidelines and clinical-trial opportunities.

NCI notes that biomarker testing is routinely used for treatment selection in certain cancers, including subsets of non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer.

3. Obtain an appropriate sample

Testing may use tumour biopsy, surgical specimen, archived tissue, fresh tissue, blood or other body fluids in selected circumstances.

The quality and quantity of tissue matter. Sometimes the existing biopsy is sufficient. In other cases, the sample may contain too little tumour or may not be suitable for the planned test.

4. Perform molecular or biomarker testing

Depending on the clinical question, testing may include single-gene testing, multigene panels, NGS, DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, IHC, FISH, PCR, MSI testing, MMR testing, TMB assessment, PD-L1 testing, liquid biopsy and other molecular assays.

5. Interpret the results

This is one of the most important stages.

A genomic report can contain numerous alterations, but not every alteration is clinically actionable.

A report may identify an actionable alteration with an established treatment, a potentially actionable alteration with limited evidence, a resistance-associated alteration, a biomarker relevant to immunotherapy, a germline finding requiring separate evaluation, or a variant of uncertain significance.

NCI specifically notes that variants of unknown significance and benign changes generally should not be used alone to make treatment decisions.

6. Match the molecular result with the patient

The genomic result is then considered alongside cancer diagnosis, stage, previous therapies, disease burden, symptoms, organ function, treatment availability, drug approvals, clinical evidence and patient preferences.

This is why precision oncology is not simply a genetic test. It is a clinical decision-making process.

What is genomic profiling?

Genomic profiling examines the genetic alterations present in cancer cells.

Cancer cells can acquire changes in their DNA that influence cell growth, cell division, DNA repair, metastasis, treatment sensitivity and treatment resistance.

Depending on the test, genomic profiling can identify single-nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions, gene amplifications, gene deletions, gene fusions, splice alterations, mutational signatures, microsatellite instability and tumour mutational burden.

What is next-generation sequencing (NGS)?

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology that can examine many genetic regions simultaneously.

Instead of testing one gene at a time, an NGS panel can analyse multiple genes in a single assay.

Small targeted panels focus on a selected group of genes that are particularly relevant to a specific cancer.

Comprehensive genomic profiling analyses a much larger number of genes and may evaluate several classes of genomic alterations.

Whole-exome sequencing examines the protein-coding portions of genes. Whole-genome sequencing analyses a much larger portion of the tumour genome.

The most comprehensive test is not automatically the most appropriate test for every patient. The right test is the one that answers a clinically relevant question and has a reasonable chance of influencing management.

Tissue biopsy versus liquid biopsy

Precision oncology can use either tissue or blood-based testing in selected situations.

Tissue remains extremely important because it can provide both pathological and molecular information. Tissue may be collected through needle biopsy, core biopsy, endoscopic biopsy, surgical specimen or previously stored pathology material.

A liquid biopsy analyses cancer-related material circulating in the bloodstream. One important approach is the detection of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA).

Liquid biopsy may be useful when tissue is difficult to obtain, the tumour has insufficient tissue, a rapid molecular assessment is needed, the oncologist is looking for a resistance alteration, or disease monitoring is clinically appropriate.

However, a negative liquid-biopsy result does not necessarily mean that the tumour lacks a particular alteration. The amount of circulating tumour DNA can vary, and tissue testing may still be appropriate.

NCI recognises liquid biopsy as one of the biomarker-testing approaches used in precision cancer medicine.

Feature	Tissue-based testing	Liquid biopsy
Sample	Tumour tissue	Usually blood
Information	Histology + molecular information	Molecular information from circulating tumour material
Major advantage	Direct tumour tissue	Less invasive and can be repeated more easily
Limitation	Requires adequate tissue	May miss alterations if circulating tumour DNA is low
Use	Commonly central to diagnosis and profiling	Selected clinical situations

Important biomarkers in precision oncology

Different cancers require different biomarkers.

Biomarker / alteration	Examples of cancers where it can matter
EGFR	Non-small-cell lung cancer
ALK	Non-small-cell lung cancer
ROS1	Non-small-cell lung cancer
BRAF	Melanoma, colorectal and other cancers
KRAS	Colorectal, lung and other cancers
HER2	Breast, gastric and other cancers
BRCA1/BRCA2	Breast, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic and other cancers
NTRK fusions	Multiple tumour types
RET	Lung and thyroid cancers
MET alterations	Selected lung and other cancers
FGFR alterations	Selected urothelial, cholangiocarcinoma and other cancers
IDH1/IDH2	Selected brain and haematologic cancers
MSI-H / dMMR	Colorectal and several other cancers
TMB	Selected situations involving immunotherapy
PD-L1	Several cancers when used according to disease-specific criteria

A biomarker should never be interpreted in isolation.

Precision oncology in selected cancers

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the areas where molecular oncology has significantly influenced treatment selection. Testing may evaluate EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, KRAS, MET, RET, NTRK, HER2 and PD-L1. There is no live GAF lung-cancer-only treatment page.

Breast cancer

Precision medicine is already deeply integrated into breast cancer treatment. Important biomarkers can include ER, PR, HER2, BRCA1/2, PIK3CA, ESR1 and other genomic markers in selected situations.

Not every patient needs comprehensive NGS. See breast cancer treatment in India and HER2-positive breast cancer.

Colorectal cancer

Molecular testing can be particularly relevant in advanced colorectal cancer. Testing may include KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MSI, MMR, HER2, NTRK and other emerging biomarkers.

See colon cancer treatment in India, colon cancer targeted therapy and colon cancer immunotherapy.

Ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancer

Ovarian testing may include BRCA1, BRCA2, homologous recombination-related biomarkers and HRD assessment. See ovarian cancer treatment in India.

Advanced prostate cancer may involve BRCA1/2, other homologous recombination repair genes, mismatch repair deficiency and MSI. An important distinction is whether a mutation is somatic or germline. See prostate cancer treatment in India.

Pancreatic cancer increasingly uses molecular testing when treatment options are being considered for advanced disease. See pancreatic cancer treatment in India and Whipple surgery in India.

Brain tumours and blood cancers

Molecular classification has become increasingly important in neuro-oncology. Depending on the tumour, assessment may include IDH, 1p/19q, MGMT, ATRX, TP53 and H3 alterations. See brain tumor surgery in India.

Haematologic cancers may involve BCR-ABL, FLT3, IDH, BTK, BCL-2 and other targets. See leukemia treatment in India and lymphoma treatment in India.

Rare and difficult-to-treat cancers

In selected rare, metastatic, unknown-primary or treatment-resistant cancers, molecular profiling may identify a biomarker that connects the patient with a targeted treatment or clinical trial.

NCI notes that some clinical trials enrol patients according to the molecular characteristics of their tumours rather than solely according to where the cancer originated.

Tumour-agnostic treatment

Traditional oncology generally classifies cancer according to where it started. Precision oncology has introduced another concept: tumour-agnostic treatment.

Here, the treatment decision can be based primarily on a specific molecular characteristic rather than the tumour’s anatomical origin.

Examples of biomarkers that have been associated with tumour-agnostic treatment approaches include MSI-H, dMMR, NTRK fusion, BRAF V600E in certain settings and RET alterations.

NCI lists several genomic biomarker-based tumour-agnostic therapies and notes that this area continues to evolve. ESMO has also developed a framework intended to standardise evaluation of tumour-agnostic treatment approaches.

Precision oncology, immunotherapy and targeted therapy

Precision oncology is not limited to gene-targeted drugs. It can also identify biomarkers that help determine whether immunotherapy may be appropriate, including PD-L1, MSI-H/dMMR and tumour mutational burden.

Targeted therapy is one of the clearest applications of precision oncology. Targeted drugs are designed to interfere with proteins or molecular pathways that contribute to cancer growth and survival.

See molecular targeted therapy in India. Neighbouring immunotherapy is $15,000–$45,000. Neighbouring targeted therapy is $8,000–$30,000.

Targeted therapy is not synonymous with side-effect-free therapy. Targeted drugs can have significant adverse effects, and their use requires appropriate medical supervision.

Does precision oncology replace chemotherapy?

No. This is an important misconception.

Chemotherapy remains an important cancer treatment for many patients. Precision oncology can help determine whether targeted therapy is appropriate, whether immunotherapy may be useful, whether chemotherapy remains appropriate, whether treatments should be combined, and whether a particular therapy is unlikely to help.

See adjuvant chemotherapy in India and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in India. Neighbouring chemotherapy is $1,500–$8,000+. Named chemotherapy lists sit on Chemotherapy in India.

Precision oncology and molecular tumour boards

A genomic report can be complicated. A molecular tumour board brings together specialists who can interpret the results in clinical context.

A multidisciplinary team may include a medical oncologist, molecular pathologist, pathologist, genetic counsellor, radiologist, surgical oncologist, radiation oncologist, bioinformatician and other disease-specific specialists.

ESMO has specifically highlighted the importance of molecular tumour boards and published recommendations for integrating them into precision-oncology practice.

For international patients, this multidisciplinary interpretation can be particularly valuable because the report should be translated into a practical treatment strategy—not simply handed to the patient as a list of mutations.

What happens when a genomic test finds a mutation?

There are several possibilities.

1. Actionable mutation with an established treatment. The result may identify a biomarker for which an appropriate therapy is available.
2. Potentially actionable mutation. There may be promising evidence, but the treatment may not be routinely established for that specific situation.
3. Clinical-trial opportunity. The alteration may make the patient eligible for a biomarker-driven study.
4. Resistance alteration. The test may identify a change associated with resistance to a treatment the patient is currently receiving.
5. No actionable alteration. This is also a meaningful result. It can indicate that there is no currently established molecularly matched treatment identified by that test.
6. Variant of uncertain significance. The clinical importance of the alteration is not sufficiently established. It should not automatically be interpreted as a cancer-causing or treatment-directing mutation.

What if precision oncology finds no target?

No actionable mutation does not mean there is no treatment.

A patient may still be eligible for surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, combination treatment, supportive or palliative treatment, or clinical trials based on other criteria.

Precision oncology is one component of cancer care—not the entire cancer-treatment system.

NCI also notes that although genomic medicine has produced important advances, many patients do not currently have a genomic alteration that points to a specific targeted treatment.

Germline testing versus tumour testing

This distinction is extremely important.

Tumour or somatic testing looks for genetic alterations that developed in the cancer. These changes are generally acquired during a person’s lifetime.

Germline testing looks for genetic changes present in normal cells and potentially inherited. Examples include inherited alterations involving BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53 and Lynch syndrome-associated genes.

A tumour test can sometimes identify a finding that raises suspicion of an inherited alteration. In that situation, confirmatory germline testing and genetic counselling may be appropriate.

The two types of testing answer different questions.

Side effects and when to seek emergency care

The genomic test itself usually has no medicine toxicity. Biopsy risks apply if new tissue is needed. The larger risk is misinterpretation—treating a low-evidence finding as a proven target.

If a matched medicine is later started, side effects belong to that drug. If fever, shaking chills, severe diarrhoea, chest pain, breathlessness, collapse or a rapidly worsening rash develops during systemic treatment, seek a local emergency department immediately. Do not wait for the next clinic appointment or use WhatsApp as emergency care.

Cost of precision oncology in India

There is no single fixed cost for precision oncology in India.

GAF Healthcare partner planning for the named precision oncology pathway is $2,000–$7,000, typically NGS panel + clinic visit. Neighbouring United States comparison figures are $8,000–$25,000.

The final cost depends on pathology review, IHC, FISH or PCR, single-gene testing, NGS panel size, comprehensive genomic profiling, liquid biopsy, germline testing, genetic counselling, molecular tumour-board review and whether repeat testing is required.

The cost of the treatment selected after molecular testing can be much greater than the cost of the diagnostic test itself. Neighbouring molecular targeted therapy is $10,000–$32,000. Neighbouring immunotherapy is $15,000–$45,000.

A genomic test therefore should not be viewed as a complete cancer-treatment quotation.

Cost component	What influences the cost
Pathology review	Complexity of diagnosis and specimen
IHC	Number of markers tested
FISH/PCR	Specific biomarker being evaluated
Single-gene testing	Gene and technology used
NGS panel	Number of genes and assay design
Comprehensive genomic profiling	Breadth of DNA/RNA analysis
Liquid biopsy	Assay and molecular targets
Germline testing	Number of genes and testing platform
Genetic counselling	Provider and complexity
Molecular tumour board	Institution and clinical programme
Repeat testing	New tissue or sample and test complexity

Precision oncology cost by Indian city

There is no reliable single national tariff. GAF Healthcare uses one national partner planning band of $2,000–$7,000 rather than inventing city-specific prices.

International patients comparing medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology commonly start with Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad. Partner medical oncology hospitals in Delhi NCR, Mumbai and Bengaluru, and in Chennai and Hyderabad, are a typical first filter. City sheets include Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad. Pune, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Kochi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Varanasi are not live GAF catalog cities on this site.

City	Catalogue doctors list	India planning band
Delhi NCR	Medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology	$2,000–$7,000
Mumbai	Medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology	$2,000–$7,000
Bengaluru	Medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology	$2,000–$7,000
Chennai	Medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology	$2,000–$7,000
Hyderabad	Medical oncologists listing Precision Oncology	$2,000–$7,000

How to choose a centre

Patients should look beyond marketing claims such as “AI-powered cancer treatment” or “advanced genomic testing.”

Important questions include whether the molecular laboratory is accredited, what testing platforms are used, whether the laboratory is involved in external quality assessment, who interprets the genomic report, whether there is a molecular tumour board, whether a molecular pathologist is involved, whether the hospital can provide the matched treatment, whether relevant targeted therapies and immunotherapy are available, and whether the centre participates in clinical trials.

Hospital selection should therefore be cancer-specific and assay-specific rather than based solely on hospital reputation.

India’s National Cancer Grid runs quality-assurance initiatives for molecular diagnostics, reflecting the importance of reliable testing and interpretation.

Why consider India?

India has a growing infrastructure for molecular oncology, including large oncology centres, experienced medical oncologists, molecular pathology expertise, NGS capabilities, cancer research programmes and growing access to targeted therapies.

GAF Healthcare coordinates named partner programmes in Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad. The appropriate centre depends on the cancer type, the clinical question and the assay required rather than city alone.

Documents international patients should send before travelling

1. Pathology report
2. Biopsy report
3. Immunohistochemistry results
4. Molecular or genomic reports
5. PET-CT, CT and MRI reports
6. Previous treatment history
7. Discharge summaries
8. Medication history
9. Details of stored tissue blocks
10. Previous germline testing, if any

For patients who already have a comprehensive genomic report, repeating the test is not necessarily required.

Questions to ask before genomic testing

1. What clinical question are we trying to answer?
2. Will this test potentially change my treatment?
3. Which biomarkers are relevant to my cancer?
4. Is a focused test sufficient, or is broad NGS justified?
5. Is my existing biopsy adequate?
6. Would a liquid biopsy be useful?
7. How long will the result take?
8. Who will interpret the report?
9. What happens if no actionable mutation is found?
10. Could the result identify an inherited cancer risk?
11. Will genetic counselling be needed?
12. Could the result make me eligible for a clinical trial?
13. What is included in the testing estimate?
14. Is the resulting medicine quoted separately?

Advantages and limitations

When appropriately used, precision oncology can offer more informed treatment selection, help avoid some ineffective treatments, identify targeted-treatment options, support clinical-trial matching, help understand resistance and improve tumour classification.

It also has important limitations. Not every mutation is actionable. Not every actionable alteration has an available drug. A matching drug may not work. Resistance can develop. Testing can be expensive. Tissue can be inadequate. Results can be difficult to interpret.

NCI’s current research discussion also emphasises that genomics alone has limitations and that newer approaches, including functional precision medicine, are being investigated.

The central question should be: Will this result meaningfully help the treating team make a better-informed clinical decision?

Frequently asked questions

What is precision oncology in simple words?

Precision oncology means using information about the biology of a patient’s cancer—such as genetic mutations, proteins and other biomarkers—to help doctors select an appropriate treatment.

Is precision oncology the same as genetic testing?

No. Tumour genomic testing examines genetic changes in cancer cells. Germline genetic testing looks for inherited genetic changes. They answer different clinical questions.

Does every cancer patient need NGS?

No. The need for NGS depends on the cancer type, stage, treatment history, relevant biomarkers and whether the result could influence treatment.

Which cancers benefit most from precision oncology?

Precision oncology can be relevant across many cancer types, but the specific value of testing varies considerably. Lung, breast, colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers and several rare or advanced cancers commonly involve biomarker-driven treatment decisions.

Is precision oncology available in India?

Yes. Major cancer centres and specialised molecular oncology programmes in India offer various forms of biomarker testing and precision cancer care.

How much does precision oncology cost in India?

GAF Healthcare partner planning is $2,000–$7,000, typically NGS panel + clinic visit. Neighbouring United States comparison figures are $8,000–$25,000. Costs vary according to whether the patient needs IHC, PCR, FISH, a targeted gene panel, comprehensive NGS, liquid biopsy or another test.

Is genomic testing painful?

Genomic testing itself is usually a laboratory analysis. The invasive part, if required, comes from obtaining a tissue biopsy. Blood-based testing generally requires a blood sample.

Can an old biopsy be used?

Sometimes. A pathology laboratory needs to determine whether the archived tissue contains enough suitable tumour material for the requested test.

What if my genomic test finds no mutation?

Treatment can still be possible. A negative or non-actionable genomic result does not mean that cancer treatment has ended.

Can precision oncology cure cancer?

Precision oncology is not itself a cure. It is an approach to selecting and optimising cancer treatment. Whether cancer can be cured depends on the cancer type, stage, biology, response to treatment and many other factors.

Can precision oncology be used after chemotherapy?

Yes. In appropriate cases, molecular testing can be considered after progression or treatment resistance to look for actionable alterations or clinical-trial opportunities.

Can precision oncology identify why cancer returned?

It may provide information about molecular changes associated with recurrence or resistance, but it cannot always explain why an individual cancer returned.

Is liquid biopsy as good as tissue biopsy?

Not in every situation. Liquid biopsy can be extremely useful in selected settings, but a negative blood test does not necessarily exclude a biomarker that could be detected in tissue.

What is a molecular tumour board?

It is a multidisciplinary group of specialists who review complex molecular findings and help determine their clinical relevance.

Can genomic testing identify inherited cancer risk?

Sometimes a tumour test can reveal a finding that raises suspicion of an inherited mutation. Confirmatory germline testing may then be recommended.

Can precision oncology help with rare cancers?

Potentially. Molecular profiling can sometimes identify a biomarker shared with another cancer type and may reveal a targeted-treatment or clinical-trial opportunity.

Key takeaways

• Precision oncology is testing plus interpretation, not a single drug.
• GAF Healthcare partner planning for this pathway is $2,000–$7,000, typically NGS panel + clinic visit.
• Neighbouring United States comparison figures are $8,000–$25,000.
• Neighbouring molecular-targeted planning is $10,000–$32,000 if a matched medicine is later named.
• Not every patient needs the same molecular test.
• Not every mutation is actionable.
• A genomic test does not guarantee a treatment response.
• Tumour testing and inherited genetic testing are different.
• Molecular results should be interpreted in clinical context.
• Severe symptoms during any later systemic treatment belong in a local emergency department, not on WhatsApp.

Related cancer treatment guides

Live GAF lists that often sit next to this page:

• Molecular Targeted Therapy in India
• Breast Cancer Treatment in India
• Colon Cancer Treatment in India
• Ovarian Cancer Treatment in India
• Prostate Cancer Treatment in India
• Adjuvant Chemotherapy in India
• External Beam Radiotherapy in India
• Proton Beam Therapy in India
• Targeted Therapy cost sheet
• Immunotherapy cost sheet

Medical disclaimer

This article is intended for educational and treatment-cost planning purposes and should not replace consultation with a qualified oncologist.

Precision oncology is highly individualised. A test or treatment that is appropriate for one patient may not be appropriate for another, even when they have the same type of cancer. Treatment decisions should be based on pathology, cancer stage, molecular findings, clinical guidelines, previous treatment and the patient’s overall health.

Drug availability, regulatory approvals, indications and treatment protocols can change. Patients should confirm the current status of any medicine or assay with their treating oncology team and the relevant Indian regulatory authorities.

Cost figures are indicative and may change according to hospital, city, assay, laboratory, specimen quality, specialist fees and other clinical factors.

Last reviewed: October 2026

Sources and references

1. National Cancer Institute (NCI) — Biomarker testing for cancer treatment
2. National Cancer Institute — Cancer genomics overview
3. National Cancer Institute — Targeted therapy to treat cancer
4. National Cancer Institute — Agnostic cancer therapies
5. European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) — Tumour-agnostic framework
6. ESMO — Molecular tumour boards
7. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) — Biomarker-driven oncology research
8. National Cancer Grid, India — Cancer-care network and molecular pathology quality-assurance initiatives
9. GAF Healthcare cost sheet — Precision Oncology ($2,000–$7,000; NGS panel + clinic visit)
10. GAF Healthcare cost sheet — Molecular Targeted Therapy ($10,000–$32,000)
11. GAF Healthcare cost sheet — Targeted Therapy ($8,000–$30,000)
12. GAF Healthcare cost sheet — Immunotherapy ($15,000–$45,000)

Medical information should be interpreted in the context of current clinical guidelines and the individual patient’s diagnosis. Published hospital and provider cost estimates are indicative and can change without notice.