- Radical Prostatectomy treatment guide
The prostate sits below the bladder and in front of the rectum, wrapping the urethra. The nerves involved in erections run along its sides, and the sphincter that supports continence sits at its apex, so how those structures are handled is part of the operation. A nerve-sparing operation aims to keep the neurovascular bundles when the tumour does not reach them, while a wider resection is used when extra-prostatic extension is likely. Pelvic nodes are added only where risk tables or imaging support it.
- Radical Cystectomy treatment guide
The bladder sits in the pelvis behind the pubic bone. In men the prostate is usually removed with it; in women the uterus, ovaries and part of the vagina may be included depending on disease and prior discussion. A segment of small bowel is commonly used to divert urine. An ileal conduit brings urine to a stoma on the abdominal wall, while a continent diversion or neobladder aims to restore urethral voiding in selected patients. Pelvic nodes are removed as a staging and treatment step, not as an optional extra.
- PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy) treatment guide
PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) removes large or complex kidney stones through a small tract made in the back directly into the kidney, using a nephroscope and a laser, ultrasonic or pneumatic device to fragment and extract the stone under anaesthesia.
- RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery) treatment guide
RIRS (retrograde intrarenal surgery) treats kidney stones from inside the urinary tract: a flexible ureteroscope is passed through the urethra, bladder and ureter into the kidney, and a holmium or thulium laser fragments or dusts the stone without any incision or tract through the skin.
- Ureteroscopy treatment guide
Ureteroscopy passes a thin rigid, semi-rigid or flexible scope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter to see and treat a problem directly — most often a ureteric stone, which is fragmented with a laser or pneumatic probe and removed, but also strictures, small tumours or unexplained bleeding.
- ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) treatment guide
ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) breaks kidney or ureteric stones from outside the body: focused shock waves generated by a lithotripter are aimed at the stone under X-ray or ultrasound guidance so it fragments into pieces small enough to pass in the urine over the following days and weeks.
- TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) treatment guide
TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) removes the inner, obstructing part of an enlarged prostate through the urethra using a resectoscope and an electrical loop, with no external incision. It is the long-established reference operation for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causing bothersome urinary symptoms or complications.
- Kidney Transplantation treatment guide
Kidney transplantation places a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor into the lower abdomen of a person with kidney failure, joining its artery and vein to the pelvic vessels and its ureter to the bladder, so the new kidney filters blood and produces urine while the failed kidneys are usually left in place.
- Living Donor Kidney Transplantation treatment guide
Living donor kidney transplantation is a planned pair of operations: a healthy, legally approved donor has one kidney removed, usually laparoscopically, and it is immediately transplanted into a recipient with kidney failure. It is the form of transplantation international patients can realistically plan in India.
- Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation treatment guide
Deceased donor kidney transplantation implants a kidney recovered from a donor after brain death or circulatory death into a recipient on a transplant waiting list. The kidney is preserved in cold solution and transported, matched by blood group and HLA through an allocation registry, and transplanted urgently when the recipient is called in.
- ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation treatment guide
ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation allows a living donor whose blood group does not match the recipient's to donate, by first lowering the recipient's anti-blood-group antibodies with plasma exchange or immunoadsorption and an antibody-depleting drug (rituximab), then transplanting when the antibody level is low enough and continuing enhanced immunosuppression afterwards.
- Urethroplasty treatment guide
Urethroplasty is open reconstructive surgery for a urethral stricture — a scarred, narrowed segment of the tube that carries urine from the bladder. The scarred segment is either removed and the healthy ends rejoined, or opened and widened with a graft, usually of tissue from the inside of the cheek, to restore a durable, wide channel.
- Urinary Tract Reconstruction treatment guide
Urinary tract reconstruction covers open, laparoscopic or robotic operations that repair damaged or obstructed ureters and related structures — ureteric strictures, injuries after surgery or radiation, fistulas between the urinary tract and vagina or bowel, and retroperitoneal fibrosis — by re-joining, re-implanting, replacing or bypassing the affected segment so urine drains freely from kidney to bladder.
- Hypospadias Repair treatment guide
Hypospadias repair is reconstructive surgery, usually in infancy or early childhood, for a congenital condition in which the urethral opening sits on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip, often with downward curvature (chordee) and an incomplete foreskin. The operation creates a new urethral channel to the tip, straightens the penis and reconstructs the skin.
- Pediatric Urological Surgery treatment guide
Pediatric urological surgery covers operations on the kidneys, ureters, bladder and genitalia of infants, children and adolescents — such as correction of vesicoureteral reflux, surgery for an undescended testis (orchidopexy), removal of a non-functioning kidney, posterior urethral valve ablation, ureterocele or duplex-system surgery and bladder procedures for neurogenic dysfunction — performed within a children's anaesthesia and ward environment.
- Varicocele Surgery treatment guide
Varicocele surgery (varicocelectomy) ties off or blocks the enlarged, poorly draining veins around the testis inside the scrotum or in the groin, most precisely with an operating microscope, to relieve aching, protect testicular growth in adolescents and, in selected men, improve semen parameters as part of fertility care.